Table 2 Summary of NPA collection, testing, and processing across studies
First author of study, year | Test(s) conducted on NPA | Fresh or frozen NPA samples | Duration of fasting prior to NPA | Saline drops during collection of NPA (no. of drops or volume) | Method for collection | Processing method of NPA | Adverse events reported | Number (%) of children with NPA collected successfully | Number (%) of contaminated NPA cultures | Number (%) of uninterpretablea NPA NAAT results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Franchi, 1998 [11] | NAAT-PCR targeting DNA seq IS6110 Solid culture — LJ, 7H11 Liquid culture — MGIT 960 | Fresh | NR | NR | NR | NR | No | 64/64 (100%) | NR | NR |
Hanrahan, 2019 [24] | NAAT-Xpert Liquid culture — MGIT 960 | Fresh | 2 h | Yes (4 drops) | Suction using a sterile catheter with a mucus trap | NALC-NaOH | Yes (low respiratory rate, n = 1) | 101/105 (96%) | 31/184 (17%)b | 0/186b |
Marcy, 2016 [26] | NAAT-Xpert Solid culture — LJ Liquid culture — MGIT 960 | Fresh and frozen | Overnight | No | Mucus aspirator connected to a suction device | NALC-NaOH | No | 268/272 (99%) | NR | 13/272 (3%)c |
Oberhelman, 2015 [27] | NAAT-PCR N2 heminested IS6110 Solid culture: LJ Liquid culture — MODS | Fresh | NR | Yes (5 ml) | Aspiration through a nasopharyngeal tube with an electrical suction device or handheld aspirator | NALC-NaOH | No | NR | NR | NR |
Owens, 2007 [28] | NAAT-RealArt (commercially available real‐time PCR assay) Solid culture — LJ | Fresh and frozen | NR | NR | Mechanical aspiration of secretions using a catheter | NALC-NaOH | Yes (emotional distress and epistaxis, n = 1) | 95/96 (99%) | NR | NR |
Song, 2021 [23] | NAAT-Xpert Liquid culture — MGIT 960 | Fresh | Duration NR but collected at night before early morning and first meal of day | Yes (4 drops) | Suction using a 7- or 8-French tube connected to a mucus trap | NALC-NaOH | No | NR | NR | NR |
Zar, 2012 [29] | NAAT-Xpert Liquid culture — MGIT 960 | Fresh | 2–3 h | Yes (4 drops) | Suction using a sterile catheter with a mucus trap | NALC-NaOH | No | NR | NR | At least 1/415c |
Zar, 2013 [25] | NAAT-Xpert | Fresh | 2–3 h | Yes (4 drops) | Suction using a sterile catheter with a mucus trap | NALC-NaOH | No | NR | NA | NR |
Zar, 2019 [30] | NAAT-Xpert Ultra | Frozen | 2–3 h | Yes (4 drops) | Suction using a sterile catheter with a mucus trap | NALC-NaOH | No | NR | NA | NR |