Fig. 1

Conceptual model of people most affected by TB’s potential barriers to healthcare seeking and accessing screening and diagnostic services to be explored and assessed using preference research methods. Barriers are characterized according to the capability, opportunity, and motivation behavior change model (COM-B) and Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) [60, 61]. An understanding of contextually relevant barriers is crucial for designing preference-informed TB detection and communication strategies that overcome such barriers to improve TB diagnosis and care engagement among people most affected by TB. While this figure focuses on barriers to care seeking and accessing TB services for people at risk for TB, it is important to note that such individuals also face barriers to diagnosis after accessing services, including the limited capability of health services to identify those at risk for TB and to provide appropriate screening and/or diagnostic testing