Clustering of lifestyle risk factors in relation to suicidal thoughts and behaviors in young adolescents: a cross-national study of 45 low- and middle-income countries

Zhan, Yongle; Wang, Pei; Zhan, Yongan; Lu, Zhiming; Guo, Yidan; Ahmad, Noor Ani; Owusu, Andrew; Chher, Tepirou; Hinneh, Johnson T.; Aryal, Krishna Kumar; Darwish, Noorali; Senanayake, Sameera J.; Mufadhal, Bushra abdulrahman Ahmed; Rady, Alissar; Bassier-Paltoo, Marcia; Batbaatar, Suvd

doi:10.1186/s44263-024-00055-4

Table 1 Survey characteristics by region and country

From: Clustering of lifestyle risk factors in relation to suicidal thoughts and behaviors in young adolescents: a cross-national study of 45 low- and middle-income countries

Countries	ISO code	Survey year	Participation rate (%)	Sample size	GDP per capita, int $	HDI	IHDI	GDI	GII	CHE, % of GDP	Nurses and midwives per 1,000 people	National age-standardized suicide rate per 100,000 people
East Asia & Pacific
Cambodia	KHM	2013	85	3,806	3,192	0.6	0.4	0.9	0.5	7.1	1.3	6.0
Fiji	FJI	2016	79	3,705	12,821	0.7	0.6^e	NA	0.4	3.3	3.0^e	10.0
Indonesia	IDN	2015	94	11,142	10,150	0.7	0.6	0.9	0.5	3.0	1.3	2.6
Kiribati	KIR	2011	85	1,582	1,920	0.6	0.4^c	NA	NA	8.6	3.9	32.9
Laos	LAO	2015	70	3,683	6,544	0.6	0.4	0.9	0.5	2.5	1.1	6.2
Malaysia	MYS	2012	89	25,507	22,132	0.8	NA	1.0	0.3	3.5	3.8	5.2
Mongolia	MNG	2013	88	5,393	10,384	0.7	0.6	1.0	0.3	4.1	3.8	20.4
Philippines	PHL	2015	79	8,761	7,300	0.7	0.6	1.0	0.4	4.3	0.2	2.7
Samoa	WSM	2017	59	1,955	6,481	0.7	NA	NA	0.4	5.5	2.5^h	14.8
Solomon Islands	SLB	2011	85	1,421	2,551	0.5	0.4^c	NA	NA	6.7	1.8	18.5
Thailand	THA	2015	89	5,894	16,283	0.7	0.6	1.0	0.4	3.7	2.4	7.2
Timor-Leste	TLS	2015	79	3,704	3,298	0.6	0.4	0.9	NA	4.0	1.5	4.4
Tonga	TON	2017	90	3,333	6,467	0.7	NA	0.9	0.4	5.1	3.9^f	4.8
Tuvalu	TUV	2013	90	943	3,441	NA	NA	NA	NA	18.1	3.8^d	NA
Vanuatu	VUT	2016	57	2,159	2,973	0.6	0.5	NA	NA	2.8	1.4	21.0
Vietnam	VNM	2013	96	3,331	5,815	0.7	0.6	1.0	0.3	6.3	1.2	7.5
Latin America & Caribbean
Antigua and Barbuda	ATG	2009	67	1,266	20,048	0.8	NA	NA	NA	4.2	4.6^c	0.0
Argentina	ARG	2018	63	56,981	22,759	0.8	0.7	1.0	0.3	9.6	2.6^g	9.0
Bolivia	BOL	2012	88	3,696	7,081	0.7	0.5	0.9	0.5	5.3	1.0^b	6.9
Costa Rica	CRI	2009	72	2,679	15,631	0.8	0.6	1.0^a	0.3	7.9	1.8	5.6
Dominican Republic	DOM	2016	63	1,481	16,167	0.7	0.6	1.0	0.5	5.8	1.2	6.8
Guyana	GUY	2010	76	2,392	9,789	0.6	0.5	1.0	0.5	5.9	1.0	36.4
Honduras	HND	2012	79	1,779	5,065	0.6	0.4	1.0	0.5	8.7	0.7^c	4.0
Jamaica	JAM	2017	60	1,667	9,598	0.7	0.6	1.0	0.4	6.1	1.5	2.2
Peru	PER	2010	85	2,882	10,066	0.7	0.5	0.9	0.4	4.7	1.3	3.6
Saint Lucia	LCA	2018	77	1,970	15,261	0.8	0.6	1.0	0.4	4.4	3.2^g	7.1
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	VCT	2018	78	1,877	12,466	0.7	NA	1.0ⁱ	NA	4.5	7.0	1.0
Suriname	SUR	2016	83	2,126	16,280	0.7	0.6	1.0	0.5	6.3	2.0	25.5
Middle East & North Africa
Iraq	IRQ	2012	88	2,038	10,234	0.6	0.5^c	0.8	0.6	2.7	2.1^c	5.6
Lebanon	LBN	2017	82	5,708	15,988	0.7	0.6^e	0.9	0.4	8.4	1.6	3.0
Morocco	MAR	2016	91	6,745	7,106	0.7	0.5^e	0.8	0.5	5.2	1.4^g	7.4
Yemen	YEM	2014	75	2,655	NA	0.5	0.3	0.6	0.8	4.8	0.9	7.0
South Asia
Afghanistan	AFG	2014	79	2,579	2,102	0.5	0.3	0.6	0.7	9.5	0.1	6.0
Bangladesh	BGD	2014	91	2,989	3,512	0.6	0.4	0.9	0.6	2.5	0.3	3.7
Nepal	NPL	2015	69	6,529	2,896	0.6	0.4	0.9	0.5	6.2	2.1^d	9.8
Pakistan	PAK	2009	76	5,192	3,931	0.5	0.4	0.7	0.6	2.6	0.5	10.3
Sri Lanka	LKA	2016	89	3,262	12,287	0.8	0.7	0.9	0.4	3.9	1.9	14.2
Sub-Saharan Africa
Benin	BEN	2016	78	2,536	2,961	0.5	0.3	0.9	0.6	2.8	0.8	13.3
Ghana	GHA	2012	76	3,632	4,443	0.6	0.4	0.9	0.6^b	4.2	1.6^c	13.0
Liberia	LBR	2017	71	2,744	1,516	0.5	0.3	0.9	0.7	8.2	0.5^h	7.6
Mauritania	MRT	2010	70	2,063	4,767	0.5	0.3	0.8	0.7	3.4	0.8	5.5
Mauritius	MUS	2017	84	3,012	21,415	0.8	0.7	1.0	0.4	5.7	3.5	9.6
Mozambique	MOZ	2015	80	1,918	1,263	0.4	0.3	0.9	0.5	7.2	0.6	24.0
Namibia	NAM	2013	89	4,531	9,872	0.6	0.4	1.0	0.5	8.7	1.8	14.4
United Republic of Tanzania	TZA	2014	87	3,793	2,285	0.5	0.4	0.9	0.6	4.0	0.4	8.3

CEH Current Health Expenditure, GDI Gender Development Index, GDP Gross Domestic Product, GII Gender Inequality Index, HID Human Development Index, IHDI Inequality-adjusted HDI, int international, ISO International Organization for Standardization, NA Not applicable
^aValue at 2010
^bValue at 2011
^cValue at 2013
^dValue at 2014
^eValue at 2015
^fValue at 2016
^gValue at 2017
^hValue at 2018
ⁱValue at 2018

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ISSN: 2731-913X

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