Fig. 1

Annual age- and sex-standardized mortality rates between 2010 (2011 for Italy) and 2022. Log-linear models fitted to data from 2010 (2011 for Italy) to 2019 and 2015 to 2019. Each point includes data for the full year, thus including the weeks preceding the period of interest in early 2020 (before 27 January) and following the period of interest in late 2022 (after 3 July). Weekly mortality data are provided by the Human Mortality Database (except for Ireland for which monthly mortality data are provided by the Irish Central Statistics Office). Age strata are defined as 0–14, 15–64, 65–74, 75–84, and 85 years and above. The reference population for age and sex distribution is the 2013 edition of the European Standard Population