Table 1 Participants’ characteristics
Overall | Non-death | Death | P value* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 1031 | n = 888 | n = 143 | ||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Age (years) | 60–69 | 571 | 55.4 | 522 | 58.8 | 49 | 34.3 | < 0.001 |
70–79 | 335 | 32.5 | 286 | 32.2 | 49 | 34.3 | ||
≥ 80 | 125 | 12.1 | 80 | 9.0 | 45 | 31.5 | ||
Gender | Male | 420 | 40.7 | 347 | 39.1 | 73 | 51.1 | 0.007 |
Female | 611 | 59.3 | 541 | 60.9 | 70 | 49.0 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | < 18.5 | 310 | 30.1 | 252 | 28.4 | 58 | 40.6 | 0.001 |
18.5–24.9 | 472 | 45.8 | 416 | 46.9 | 56 | 39.2 | ||
≥ 25 | 243 | 23.6 | 217 | 24.4 | 26 | 18.2 | ||
Missing | 6 | 0.6 | 3 | 0.3 | 3 | 2.1 | ||
SRH | Good | 276 | 26.8 | 239 | 26.9 | 37 | 25.9 | 0.794 |
Poor | 755 | 73.2 | 649 | 73.1 | 106 | 74.1 | ||
Education | No school | 86 | 8.3 | 71 | 8.0 | 15 | 10.5 | 0.106 |
Monastic school1 | 259 | 25.1 | 215 | 24.2 | 44 | 30.8 | ||
Some/full primary school2 | 362 | 35.1 | 312 | 35.1 | 50 | 35.0 | ||
Junior high school or higher | 324 | 31.4 | 290 | 32.7 | 34 | 23.8 | ||
Wealth index | Low | 453 | 43.9 | 389 | 43.8 | 64 | 44.8 | 0.077 |
Middle | 379 | 36.8 | 317 | 35.7 | 62 | 43.4 | ||
High | 197 | 19.1 | 180 | 20.3 | 17 | 11.9 | ||
Missing | 2 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Alcohol consumption | Never/past drinker | 979 | 95.0 | 846 | 95.3 | 133 | 93.0 | 0.251 |
Current drinker | 52 | 5.0 | 42 | 4.7 | 10 | 7.0 | ||
Smoking history | Never/past smoker | 780 | 75.7 | 673 | 75.8 | 107 | 74.8 | 0.803 |
Current smoker | 251 | 24.4 | 215 | 24.2 | 36 | 25.2 | ||
Walking time | ≥ 30 min/day | 664 | 64.4 | 587 | 66.1 | 77 | 53.9 | 0.004 |
< 30 min/day | 367 | 35.6 | 301 | 33.9 | 66 | 46.2 | ||
Illness during preceding year | No | 508 | 49.3 | 441 | 49.7 | 67 | 46.9 | 0.527 |
Yes | 520 | 50.4 | 445 | 50.1 | 75 | 52.5 | ||
Do not remember | 3 | 0.3 | 2 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.7 | ||
Residential area | Yangon | 434 | 42.1 | 390 | 43.9 | 44 | 30.8 | 0.003 |
Bago | 597 | 57.9 | 498 | 56.1 | 99 | 69.2 | ||
Civic participation3 | No | 900 | 87.3 | 769 | 86.6 | 131 | 91.6 | 0.095 |
Yes | 131 | 12.7 | 119 | 13.4 | 12 | 8.4 | ||
Religious groups | No | 928 | 90.0 | 795 | 89.5 | 133 | 93.0 | 0.198 |
Yes | 103 | 10.0 | 93 | 10.5 | 10 | 7.0 | ||
Volunteer groups | No | 980 | 95.1 | 842 | 94.8 | 138 | 96.5 | 0.389 |
Yes | 51 | 5.0 | 46 | 5.2 | 5 | 3.5 | ||
Sports groups/clubs | No | 1024 | 99.3 | 882 | 99.3 | 142 | 99.3 | 0.975 |
Yes | 7 | 0.7 | 6 | 0.7 | 1 | 0.7 | ||
Hobby groups | No | 1024 | 99.3 | 882 | 99.3 | 142 | 99.3 | 0.975 |
Yes | 7 | 0.7 | 6 | 0.7 | 1 | 0.7 | ||
Community meetings | No | 1022 | 99.1 | 879 | 99.0 | 143 | 100.0 | 0.227 |
Yes | 9 | 0.9 | 9 | 1.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Political meetings/events | No | 1029 | 99.8 | 887 | 99.9 | 142 | 99.3 | 0.139 |
Yes | 2 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.7 | ||
Social cohesion4 | 0 | 15 | 1.5 | 15 | 1.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.388 |
1 | 91 | 8.8 | 76 | 8.6 | 15 | 10.5 | ||
2 | 197 | 19.1 | 171 | 19.3 | 26 | 18.2 | ||
3 | 728 | 70.6 | 626 | 70.5 | 102 | 71.3 | ||
Trust | No | 264 | 25.6 | 225 | 25.3 | 39 | 27.3 | 0.623 |
Yes | 767 | 74.4 | 663 | 74.7 | 104 | 72.7 | ||
Norms of reciprocity | No | 117 | 11.4 | 103 | 11.6 | 14 | 9.8 | 0.527 |
Yes | 914 | 88.7 | 785 | 88.4 | 129 | 90.2 | ||
Attachment | No | 43 | 4.2 | 40 | 4.5 | 3 | 2.1 | 0.182 |
Yes | 988 | 95.8 | 848 | 95.5 | 140 | 97.9 | ||
Social support5 | 0 | 11 | 1.1 | 4 | 0.5 | 7 | 4.9 | < 0.001 |
1 | 51 | 5.0 | 42 | 4.7 | 9 | 6.3 | ||
2 | 86 | 8.3 | 70 | 7.9 | 16 | 11.2 | ||
3 | 182 | 17.7 | 153 | 17.2 | 29 | 20.3 | ||
4 | 701 | 68.0 | 619 | 69.7 | 82 | 57.3 | ||
Emotional support receipt | No | 148 | 14.4 | 118 | 13.3 | 30 | 21.0 | 0.015 |
Yes | 883 | 85.7 | 770 | 86.7 | 113 | 79.0 | ||
Emotional support provision | No | 164 | 15.9 | 133 | 15.0 | 31 | 21.7 | 0.042 |
Yes | 867 | 84.1 | 755 | 85.0 | 112 | 78.3 | ||
Instrumental support receipt | No | 21 | 2.0 | 13 | 1.5 | 8 | 5.6 | 0.001 |
Yes | 1010 | 98.0 | 875 | 98.5 | 135 | 94.4 | ||
Instrumental support provision | No | 218 | 21.1 | 171 | 19.3 | 47 | 32.9 | < 0.001 |
Yes | 813 | 78.9 | 717 | 80.7 | 96 | 67.1 |