Association between social capital and mortality among community-dwelling older adults in Myanmar 2018–2022: a prospective cohort study

Table 2 Hazard ratios of civic participation for all-cause mortality

		Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
		HR	95%CI		HR	95%CI		HR	95%CI		HR	95%CI
Civic participation	No	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
Civic participation	Yes	0.70	0.38	1.27	0.72	0.39	1.31	0.71	0.39	1.31	0.72	0.39	1.32
Age (years)	60–69	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
	70–79	1.71**	1.15	2.55	1.78**	1.19	2.68	1.83**	1.21	2.79	1.83**	1.20	2.78
	≥ 80	5.07***	3.36	7.64	5.36***	3.48	8.26	5.14***	3.20	8.25	5.14***	3.20	8.24
Gender	Male	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
Gender	Female	0.56**	0.40	0.79	0.54**	0.38	0.77	0.55**	0.38	0.80	0.56**	0.38	0.81
Education	No school				1.00			1.00			1.00
	Monastic school				0.90	0.49	1.67	0.92	0.49	1.71	0.92	0.49	1.70
	Some/full primary school				1.00	0.54	1.84	1.02	0.55	1.89	1.01	0.55	1.88
	Junior high school or higher				0.86	0.43	1.75	0.92	0.45	1.87	0.94	0.46	1.93
Wealth index	Low				1.00			1.00			1.00
	Middle				1.52*	1.06	2.18	1.52*	1.05	2.20	1.59*	1.07	2.35
	High				0.73	0.40	1.32	0.67	0.35	1.26	0.73	0.36	1.47
BMI (kg/m²)	< 18.5							1.00			1.00
	18.5–24.9							0.79	0.53	1.16	0.79	0.54	1.17
	≥ 25							1.02	0.61	1.71	1.04	0.62	1.77
SRH	Good							1.00			1.00
SRH	Poor							1.02	0.69	1.51	1.00	0.67	1.49
Illness during preceding year	Yes							1.00			1.00
Illness during preceding year	No							1.06	0.75	1.48	1.06	0.75	1.49
Smoking history	Never/past (quit)							1.00			1.00
Smoking history	Everyday/sometimes							0.94	0.62	1.41	0.94	0.62	1.41
Alcohol consumption	Never/past (quit)							1.00			1.00
Alcohol consumption	Current							2.01*	1.00	4.04	2.00	1.00	4.02
Walking time	≥ 30 min/day							1.00			1.00
Walking time	< 30 min/day							1.35	0.96	1.90	1.36	0.96	1.91
Residential area	Yangon										1.00
Residential area	Bago										1.15	0.71	1.86

Multiple imputation by chained equations was performed using age, gender, education, wealth index, BMI, SRH, illness during preceding year, smoking history, alcohol consumption, walking time, and residential area. Model 1 was adjusted for age and gender. Model 2 was adjusted for education and wealth index in addition to Model 1. Model 3 was adjusted for BMI, SRH, illness during preceding year, smoking history, alcohol consumption, and walking time in addition to Model 2. Model 4 was adjusted for residential area in addition to Model 3
BMI body mass index, SRH self-rated health, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval
^*P < 0.05
**P < 0.01
***P < 0.001

ISSN: 2731-913X