Fig. 2

Observational user feedback and insight on experiences with swabbing approaches from seven UK service evaluation studies. A NT-PCR1 to NT-PCR4 (SS and AS of nose and throat). B SS-AN-PCR1 (SS anterior nares). C SS-MT-LFD1 (SS of both nostrils to mid-turbinate level). Data are mean and 95% CIs. p values derived from chi-sq tests comparing nose vs. throat swabbing. Blue bars represent nose-only swabbing (including nose-only and the nose part of nose and throat swabbing) for PCR. Yellow bars represent throat-only swabbing (the throat part of nose and throat swabbing) for PCR. Navy bars represent mid-turbinate nose swabbing for LFDs. Orange bars represent nose and throat swabbing for PCR. A NT-PCR1 to NT-PCR4: AS vs. SS of the nose and throat for PCR. B SS-AN-PCR1: SS of the anterior nares for PCR vs. SS of nose and throat for PCR. C SS-MT-LFD1: SS of both nostrils to mid-turbinate level using the Innova LFD vs. SS of the nose and throat for PCR. *p < 0.005; **p < 0.0005; ***p < 0.0001. AN, anterior nares; AS, assisted swabbing; CI, confidence interval; LFD, lateral flow device; MT, mid-turbinate, NT, nose and throat; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SS, self-swabbing